序言

本館所蔵の西アジア考古学関連標本は、1956年に東洋文化研究所を中心に実施されたイラク・イラン遺跡調査を皮切りに現在まで研究者たちが続けてきたフィールドワークのたまものであって、質量ともに豊かな内容をもっている。本シリーズはその目録化を企図したもので、これまで7冊のカタログが刊行されてきた。それらはいずれも土器や石器、金属器などのモノ資料を対象としたものであったが、今回扱われているのは写真である。

半世紀にもわたる継続的なフィールドワークでものされた写真の総数は膨大である。1956年調査時には、それが我が国初の本格的中東考古学調査であったことから、可能な限りの現地情報を招来すべく一シーズンで10万枚にものぼる写真が撮られたという。以後の調査記録、さらには調査参加者の寄贈資料などが加わり、その件数は今日まで増加の一途をたどっている。また、撮影対象も遺跡、景観、人物、文物など多彩さを増し、足跡が記された国々も今や中東全域におよびつつある。モノ標本という点ではもちろん、写真資料においても国内最大規模の西アジア考古学アーカイブが形成されているといってよいだろう。

それら写真資料の整理はまだまだこれからといったところである。着手してはいるものの（西秋良宏2000｢西アジア考古美術写真データベース｣『デジタルミュージアム2000』坂村健編：100-105、東京大学総合研究博物館）、とうてい全貌を明らかにするにはいたっていない。記録の整った近年の撮影写真はともかく、関係資料がそろわないため被写体の特定に難渋する初期の写真群の整理にはいかにも時間がかかるからである。だが、急速に進む経済開発によって形状を異にしてしまった景観や古代遺跡、失われつつある伝統的な風俗文物が写し込まれた半世紀近く前の写真群は、今や歴史的価値さえおびつつある。加えて、当時の現場を知る関係者が少なくなっている現在、整理作業は急がねばならない。

今回、マーク・フェルフーフェン客員助教授がとりくんだ仕事は、その一環である。本書にはイラクの遺跡写真が整理されている。イラクの遺跡といえば、近年の戦乱に際して被災したことで国際的な憂慮の対象になったことはまだ記憶に新しい。政情不安を受けて再調査がままならぬ現状では、往時の写真記録はいっそう貴重さを増している。

ここに集成された写真は、東京大学イラク・イラン調査団の1956-1976年撮影分および、1998年に松谷敏雄本学名誉教授から当館に寄贈された多数のイラク遺跡写真の中から、一定の方針で選別されたものである。本目録の第1部で整理されたイラク各地の採集標本（谷一尚・松谷敏雄『メソポタミア(イラク)』1981年(東京大学総合研究資料館標本資料報告第6号）が得られた現場を選んで編まれている。したがって、本書は第1部の姉妹編ともいえる。採集標本を研究利用する際の手引きにもなることが期待される次第である。

東京大学総合研究博物館
西秋良宏

Acknowledgements

Obviously, as a non-Japanese person with virtually no command of the language, I was helped by Japanese colleagues and friends. Foremost among these is Yoshihiro Nishiaki, who in fact came up with the idea for this catalogue. He has been a tremendous help in putting the book together and he carefully edited it. Toshio Matsutani provided information about his slides, for which I am grateful. Hiroko Mikuni retrieved the photos and negatives from the archives, not an easy task, and made the initial selection; without her help this catalogue would not have seen the light. Kazuya Shimogama produced the site map and provided information with regard to a number of sites. Furthermore, I wish to thank Yasuhisa Kondo and my wife Sofie Debruyne for their help in various respects.

Marc Verhoeven
Tokyo
December 12, 2005

INTRODUCTION

This catalogue is a sequel to the catalogue of archaeological objects (mostly pottery sherds and stone tools) of Iraqi sites kept in the University Museum (Tani'ichi and Matsutani, 1981). Instead of objects, the sites themselves are shown. Represented is a selection of the thousands of archived black-and-white photographs and colour slides in the museum. Given that this catalogue is published by a scientific museum, it is intended for both the 'general public' and professional archaeologists. The aim is to provide 'pictorial context' to the archaeological objects. Due to highly unfavourable political circumstances, it is at the moment, and in the foreseeable future, not possible to visit or explore archaeological sites in Iraq. Moreover, sadly, many sites are now heavily damaged and/or looted (Foster et al., 2005). Therefore, in many instances the pictures in the University Museum are an important testimony to major elements of cultural heritage in Iraq. Furthermore, they provide a historical record of early Japanese expeditions to Mesopotamia.

The first of these archaeological explorations, under the direction of Namio Egami, took place in 1956-1957. In these 'grand journeys' almost all of Western Asia (also commonly known as the Near East) was covered, from eastern and northern Iran to Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt (Anatolia was largely left aside). Many sites, as reported here, were surveyed and photographed, and three important prehistoric sites, i.e. Bakun A, Bakun B and Telul eth-Thalathat, were excavated. Of these various expeditions two books of photographs were published in Japanese, both featuring unique representations of objects, people, sites and landscapes (Egami, ed., 1958, 1965). In the present catalogue other pictures of these expeditions, and pictures taken in 1956, 1957, 1964, 1965 and 1976 are published for the first time. The photos were taken by Asashiro Sayegusa, Shinji Fukai and Toshihiko Sono, the official expedition photographers. Apart from these black-and-white photos, colour slides taken by Toshio Matsutani on his archaeological expeditions in 1964, 1966, 1971 and 1975 are reproduced in the present catalogue. As already mentioned, the University Museum keeps huge numbers of photographs and slides of various archaeological sites in the Near East; this catalogue presents a selection (of Iraq) only. For further detailed information on the photographic database of archaeological sites in Western Asia the reader is referred to Nishiaki 2000b, and the website of the so-called Digital Museum of the Tokyo University Museum (http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/DKoukoga/iraq/KK1link.html).

Due to the general explorative character of these expeditions, the sites in this catalogue have a huge range in both time and space, ranging from prehistoric to historic periods (i.e. from the Paleolithic to the Islamic period), in an area stretching from southern to northern Iraq (see tables 1, 2, and figure 1). With regard to geography, however, there was a clear focus on Mesopotamia: the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in eastern Iraq. More in particular, explicit attention was paid to the archaeologically rich area around the city of Mosul in northern Iraq (figure 1).

The photographs provide a unique record of early archaeological explorations, many of which took place at world-famous sites, such as Assur, Khorsabad, Nineveh, Kish, Uruk, Ur and Babylon. The majority of these sites are tells (in Mesopotamia also known as telul, or tepe), which are artificial mounds resulting from the accumulation of settlement debris over long periods of time. These sites, which can represent small farming villages as well as huge cities, are typical of West Asian archaeology.

Terminology

Archaeology in Iraq is marked by a large number of professional terms, which may easily lead to confusion. Given the general aims of this catalogue, it is proper to describe some of the most important and popular terms. Sollberger (1971:7-8) has provided a particularly lucid account in this regard: "What we call Babylonia is the country covering roughly the southern half of Iraq from Baghdad to the Persian, or Basra, Gulf. Its capital city, from about the XIXth century B.C. to Alexander's conquest, was Babylon. The southern part of Babylon is usually referred to as Sumer, her northern part as Akkad. The words Sumerian and Akkadian designate two peoples and two languages, whereas Babylonian is used to mean either both peoples and their common civilization (Sumero-Akkadian is also sometimes used in that sense), or the southern dialect of the Akkadian language. Its northern dialect would be Assyrian, spoken by the Assyrians in Assyria, the country which corresponds to Iraq north of Baghdad and is the real Mesopotamia (a term often misleadingly applied to the whole of Iraq)."