Fig. 1 Half of chromosomal DNA (located in nucleous) derives from farther and the other half derives from mother (indicated with green arrows). Maternal mitochondrial DNA, but not petarnal, transfer to a child (indicated with red arrows). In this figure, one mutation in the child's choromosomal DNA possibly came from one of his 8 grand fathers and mothers. However, a mutation in the mitochondrial DNA only came from his mother's mother's mother.

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Fig. 2 DNA polymerase syntheses new strand of DNA. 1, Double-stranded DNA. G (guanine) and C (cytosine), or A (adenine) and T (tymine) are bound each other. 2, Separated single-strand DNA. 3, DNA polymerase starts to polymerize new DNA strand from the end of small double-stranded region. 4, Polymerization has finished. This double-stranded DNA has completly the same sequence with the original one in 1.

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Fig. 3 Double-stranded DNA is amplified by PCR. Double-stranded DNA fragment (orange arrows) is replicated twice per one PCR cycle. One million fragments are going to be produced by 20 cycles after.

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