We thank M. Aizawa (Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba) for his assistance in preparing the materials.

We also thank G. S. Hardy (New Zealand) for reviewing the manuscript. Study materials and useful information have been provided by the following persons and institutes: K. Amaoka (HUMZ), M. Kamogawa (Ohta Daiichi High School, Ibaraki Pref., Japan), T. Uyeno (NSMT), T. Yoshino (URM), O. Okamura (BSKU), T. Urano (FUMT), S. Shirai (ZUMT), H. Kishimoto (IORD), Y. Iwatsuki (MUFS). H. Senou (Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Japan), K. Fujita (TUFIL), H. Masuda (IOP). Futami Fishermen's Cooperative (Yamaguchi Pref., Japan), M. Hayashi (YCM), C. Araga (SMBL), G. D. Johnson, S. L. Jewett (LISNM), W. N. Eschmeyer, T. Iwamoto (CAS), J. R. Paxton, D. F. Hoese (AMS), G. R. Allen (WAM), M. F. Gomon (NMV), B. C. Russell (NTM), C. D. Paulin (NMNZ), M. Desoutter, M. L. Bauchot (MNHN), Collezione Ittiologica Balma (Italy), P. C. Heemstra (RUSI), J. G. Nielsen (ZMUC), N. Merrett (BMNH), S. Monkolprasit (KUMF).

We thank S. Tominaga for her financial support and Y. Osada for her technical support.

This study was partly supported by the Fujiwara Natural History Foundation.