During the field season of 1970 the Tokyo University Scientific Expedition to Western Asia carried out the first excavation at the Douara cave site in Syria. The cave site is located about 20 km northeast of Palmyra town in the Syrian desert. The cave, which opens in the Pliocene limestone cliff facing south to the Palmyra basin, is about 10 meters wide at its entrance and 14 meters deep. Its maximum height is 12 meters and its nearly flat floor, which is bounded by the outcrops of basement limestone on both sides, gently slopes down to the terrace more than 30 meters long. The cave deposits are lithologically discriminated into fourteen layers which are called alphabetically from the uppermost Layer A to the lowermost Layer N. The stratigraphical succession of these deposits is described by T. Akazawa, H. Baba, and K. Endo in Chapter II and the physical environment surrounding the site is discussed by M. Fukuda in Capter V. The sedimentological interpretation of these deposits is made by K. Endo in Chapter VI.

More than 8,000 fragments of fossil vertebrates were collected during the field season of 1970. Almost all of them were too fragmental to identify except the fairly well preserved two hundreds specimens. The fossil vertebrates have been found from Layers A to I, and never from the other five layers (J-N). Owing to some faulty treatment during the excavation it was a difficult task to discriminate between the fossils from Layer B and those from C. Among layers from A to I, Layers D and E are most fossiliferous. The fossils from each layer are provisio nally listed in Table XI-1.

According to the industrial sequence described by T. Akazawa in Chapter X, the industry of Layers A and B belongs to the Upper Palaeolithic and that of Layers C, D, and E to the Middle Palaeolithic (Levalloiso-Mousterian). The industry of Layers F-I and that of Layers J-N remain undetermined. Layers B and C are clearly distinguished from each other by the morphological differences oflithic artifacts, although the fossils are indistinguishable between the two layers for the reason mentioned above. If a stratigraphical hiatus of deposits and technical differences of artifacts is recognized between Layers B and C as stated in Chapters II, V, VI, and X, and the results of radiocarbon dating given in the appendices I, II, and III are taken into account, some relevant faunal dissimilarity is expected between Layers B and C. In this case the faunal assemblage of Layer C would be the continuation of that of Layer D and the assemblage, except a few genera such as Erinaceus, Meriones, Canis, Camelus, Dama, and Gazella, must have terminated at the top of Layer C. On the other hand, the faunal assemblage of Layer B is probably the forerunner of that of Layer A. These considerations are the writer's mere presumption. The writer discriminated three faunal assemblages, namely the upper (Layers A and ?B), the middle (Layers ?C, D, and E), and the lower (Layers F, G, H, and I). The upper, middle, and lower faunas are accompanied by the Upper Palaeolithic industry, the Middle Palaeolithic industry, and the undermined industry respectively. These three faunas have essentially similar constituents, such as Camelus, Dama, and Gazella, which are modified by the appearance or disappearance of some genera such as Erinaceus, Lepus, Gerbilhis, Meriones, Canis, Vulpes, Martes, Equus, Struthio, Proiguana, and Chamaeleo. These faunal changes can be ascribed to some environmental change, but it is uncertain whether or not this environmental change involved a little increase of humidity, as concluded by K. Sohma and M. Sasaki in their palynological study described in Chapter IX. Judging from the fossil vertebrates the environmental condition of these three faunas must have been generally cool.

The fossils except for micro-vertebrates are too fragmental to be identified and the species represented are very much limited in number as shown in Table XI-1. These facts lead us to presume that the fossils from the site are mainly the remains of the game animals hunted as food by the people who lived there throughout the ages revealed by the cave deposits. On the other hand, preservation of fossil micro-vertebrates is fairly good, but it is very difficult to recognize their skeletal construction or to determine normal position.

As stated above the middle fauna is rather prominent among three, but it is a very difficult task to discuss its similarity to several faunas from Western Asia because of its poor assemblage. It is apparent that the middle fauna resembles the faunas of Wad G or F in Mount Carmel and Amud B in Lower Galillee. The resemblance degree of Douara D is 38.5 and 31.3 for Wad G and F respectively and 30.0 for Amud B. Those of Douara E is 33.3 and 25.0 for Wad G and F respectively and 33.3 for Amud B. Therefore, the writer thinks that the middle fauna can be correlated with the fauna of Wad G and it represents a little earlier stage than those of Wad F and Amud B. According to Akazawa's typological studies of lithic industry, the lithic assemblages of Douara C, D, and E are rather similar to those of Levalloiso-Mousterian in the Levant (Wad, Yabrud, and Ahmar) among three types of Middle Palaeolithic industry (Chapter X). On the other hand, H. Watanabe has recognized the so-called Emireh points among the artifacts from Amud B, but these transitional elements have never been found in the industries of Douara C, D, and E. According to personal com munication from Akazawa, the industry of Amud B is no more than the Middle Palaeolithic and shows a later stage than the industries of Douara C, D, and E.

According to the recent carbon-14 dating for the Douara cave deposits, Douara D is dated 19,850±550 years B. P. (GaK-3,540), the top of Douara E is dated 20,400±750 years B. P. (GaK-3,539), the base of Douara E is dated 16,800±500 years B. P. (GaK-3,541), 25,800 plusmn1,100 years B. P. (GaK-3,538), 30,600 years B. P. (GaK-3,537), and 45,000±5,000 years B. P. (TK-111), Douara K is dated 29,600±1,600 years B. P. (GaK-3,535) and older than 43,900 years B. P. (TK-112), and Douara M is dated 32,000 years B. P. (GaK-3,536) (Appendices I, II, and III). Except two dates (TK-111 and TK-112) by the Carbon Dating Laboratory of the University of Tokyo, the other dates are much younger than the age presumed from the synthetic interpretation of the Douara cave deposits, fossil vertebrates, and lithic industries.

So far as the mammalian remains are concerned the writer concludes that Douara C, D, and E can be correlated with Wad G and represent a little humid phase which preceded the Göttweiger Interstadial of the Last Glaciation in Europe.

Class Mammalia

Order Insectivora

Erinaceus sp.

Lower jaw with or without cheek tooth-No. 31305-A^*1 (R); No. 41302-BC (Pl.XI-1, Figs.8a, b) (RM1-length 2.9mm, width 1.5mm); No. 41304-BC (LM3-length 3.8mm, width 1.8mm); No. 41308-BC (L)

Humerus-No. 70504-D (Pl.XI-1, Fig.18) (R)

Plate XI-1 Canis cf. familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 Figs. 1a, b Left upper first molar (No. 71209-D)× 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view Figs. 10a, b Right upper second molar (No. 41312-BC) × 1.53 a) crown view, b) anterior view Lepus sp. Figs. 2a, b Fragment of cheek tooth (No. 70613-D) × 1.51 a) occlusal view, b) lateral view Gerbillus dasynrus Wagner, 1942 Figs. 3a, b Left lower jaw (No. 70618-E) × 1.51 a) buccal view, b) lingual view Figs. 17a, b Left humerus (No. 31308-P) × 1.47 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Meriones sp. Figs. 4a, b Right lower jaw (No. 70609-D) × 1.51 a) buccal view, b) lingual view Figs. 5a, b Left lower jaw (No. 70406-E) × 1.55 a) buccal view, b) lingual view Figs. 19a, b Right humerus (No. 70622-D) × 1.47 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 20a, b Left femur (No. 60804-D) × 1.52 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 21 a, b Right femur (No. 70403-D) × 1.14 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Figs. 22a, b Right pelvis (No. 70514-E) × 1.55 a) inside view, b) outside view Figs. 24a, b Right tibia (No. 70411-D) × 1.52 a) anterior view, b) outside view Figs. 25a, b Left femur (No. 70405-D) × 1.54 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 26a, b Right femur (No. 70705-D) × 1.47 a) inside view, b) posterior view Figs. 27a, b Left ulna (No. 70731-D) × 1.8 a) inside view, b) outside view Figs. 28a, b Left tibia (No. 70608-D) × 1.5 a) anterior view, b) inside view Proiguana sp. Figs. 6a, b Left lower jaw (No. 70620-D) × 1.5 a) lingual view, b) buccal view Chamaeleo sp. Figs. 7a, b Right lower jaw (No. 70516-E) × 1.49 a) lingual view, b) buccal view Figs. 14a, b Left humerus (No. 70621-D) × 1.53 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Fig. 15 Left pelvis (No. 41314-BC) × 1.52 leftside view Figs. 16a, b Right femur (No. 50806-E) × 1.48 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Erinaceus sp. Figs. 8a, b Right lower jaw (No. 41302-BC) × 1.48 a) lingual view, b) buccal view Fig. 18 Right humerus (No. 70504-D) × 1.52 posterior view Aves gen. et sp. indet. C Figs. 9a, b Third phalange (No. 51326-BC) × 1.59 a) side view, b) dorsal view Fig. 11 Second phalange (No. 51324-BC) × 1.56 dorsal view Fig. 12 Second phalange (No. 41315-BC) × 1.56 dorsal view Chiroptera gen. et sp. indet. Figs. 13a, b Left lower jaw (No. 51310-BC) × 1.46 a) lingual view, b) buccal view Ophidia gen. et sp. indet. Figs. 23a, b Vertebra (No. 41303-BC) × 1.48 a) dorsal view, b) left side view

Order Chiroptera

Chiroptera gen. et sp. indet.

Lower jaw without cheek tooth-No. 51310-BC (Pl.XI-1, Figs.13a, b) (L)

Order Lagomorpha

Lepus sp.

Cheek tooth-No. 70613-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.2a, b) length 1.9mm, width 3.9mm

Order Rodentia

Gerbillus dasyvrus Wagner, 1942

Lower jaw with cheek tooth-No. 70618-E (Pl.XI-1, Figs.3a, b) (LM1-length 1.8mm, width 1.2mm, LM2-length 1.8mm, width 1.2mm); No. 70807-E (LM1-length 1.9mm, width 1.2mm, LM2-length 1.8mm, width 1.2mm)

Humerus-No. 31308-P (Pl.XI-1, Figs.17a, b) (L-length 13.2mm, proximal ant post. 3.0mm, transv. 3.4mm, distal ant.-post. 1.4mm, transv. 3.6mm)

Meriones sp.

Lower jaw with or without cheek tooth-No. 41305-A (LM1-length 2.8mm, width 1.8mm); No. 50806-E (RM2-length 2.8mm, width 1.6mm); No. 51311-BC (R);No. 51313-BC (LM2-length 2.2mm, width 1.7mm); No. 60806-D (RM1-length 2.5mm, width 1.7mm); No. 60807-D (R); No. 70406-E (Pl. XI-1, Figs.5a, b) (LM1-length 3.4mm, width 1.9mm, RM1-length 2.5mm, width 2.2mm); No. 70408-E (RM2-length 2.9mm, width 2.1mm); No. 70518-D (RM1-length 2.3mm, width 1.8mm, RM2-length 1.8mm, width 1.9mm); No. 70609-D (Pl. XI-1, Figs, 4a, b) (RM1-length 2.6mm, width 1.6mm, RM2-length 1.8mm, width 1.7mm); No. 70717-E (RM1-length 2.5mm, width 1.6mm, RM2-length 1.5mm, width 1.4mm); No. 70727-E (LM1-length 2.2mm, width 1.4mm)

Humerus-No. 70622-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.19a, b) (R-length 21.2mm, proximal ant.- post. 3.5mm, transv. 4.3mm, distal ant.-post. 2.2mm, transv. 5.8mm)

Ulna-No. 70731-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.27a, b) (L-length 27,0mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.1mm, transv. 1.9mm, distal ant.-post. 1.6mm, transv. 1.5mm)

Pelvis-No. 70514-E (Pl.XI-1, Figs.22a, b) (R)

Femur-No. 60804-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.20a, b) (L-length 29.0mm, proximal ant-post. 3.0mm, transv. 2.8mm, distal ant.-post. 5.9mm, transv. 4,7mm); No. 70403-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.21a, b) (R-length 29.7mm, proximal ant.-post. 2.3mm, transv. 2.6mm); No. 70405-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.25a, b) (L-length 33.2mm, proximal ant.- post. 2.0mm, transv. 2.4mm, distal ant.-post. 4.7mm, transv. 4.2mm); No. 70705- D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.26a, b) (R-length 30.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 2.6mm, transv. 2.7mm, distal ant.-post. 5.8mm, transv. 5.0mm).

Tibia-No. 70411-D (Pl. XI-1, Figs.24a, b) (R-length 49.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 5.8mm, transv. 5.2mm, distal ant.-post. 2.6mm, transv. 4.1mm); No. 70608-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.28a, b) (L-length 29.2mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.5mm, transv. 3.4mm, distal ant.-post. 2.0mm, transv. 2.4mm)

Order Carnivora

Canis cf. familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

Incisor-No. 41301-BC (Pl.XI-2, Figs.1a, b) (LI1- ant.-post. 9.2mm, transv. 7.2mm) Canine-No. 51316-E (Pl.XI-2, Fig.2) (LC-length 37.9mm, ant.-post. 9.1mm, transv. 6.2mm); No. 70901-D (Pl.XI-2, Fig.4) (RC-ant.-post. 8.6mm, transv. 7.0mm)

Cheek tooth-No. 41312-BC (Pl.XI-1, Figs, l0a, b) (RM2-ant.-post. 5.3mm, transv. 6.7mm); No. 71102-D (Pl.XI-2, Figs.3a, b) (LM1-ant.-post. 20.0mm, transv. 7.4mm); No. 71209-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.1a, b) (LM1-ant.-post. 14.3mm, transv. 16.9mm)

Upper jaw with tooth-No. 31303-A (LI2-ant.-post. 4.7mm, transv. 2.7mm, LI3-ant.-post. 6.5mm, transv. 5.2mm, LC-ant.-post. 8.6mm. transv. 5.6mm, LP3-ant.-post. 11.9mm, transv. 5.0mm)

Plate XI-2 Canis cf. familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 Figs. 1a, b Left upper first incisor (No. 41301-BC) × 1 a) inside view, b) lingual view Fig. 2 Left upper canine (No. 51316-E) × 1 outside view Figs. 3a, b Left lower first molar (No. 71102-D) × 1 a) lingual view, b) buccal view Fig. 4 Right lower canine (No. 70901-D) × 1 outlside view Vulpes vulpes palaestina Thomas, 1920 Fig. 5 Right lower third incisor (No. 70509-E) × 1 inside view Figs. 6a-c Thoracal vertebra (No. 70711-E) × 1 a) anterior view, b) right side view, c) posterior view Fig. 7 Right humerus (No. 70507-E) × 1 posterior view Manes cf. manes Linnaeus, 1758 Fig. 8 Right lower canine (No. 50801-D) × 1 inside view Equus hemiomis Pallas, 1775 Figs. 9a, b Right lower third molar (No. 61317-H)× 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view Figs. 10a-c Right upper first molar (No. 70307-E) × 1 a) crown view, b) lingual view, c) buccal view Figs. 11a, b Right upper fourth premolar (No. 70602-D) × 1 a) crown view, b) lingual view Figs. 12a, b Right lower fourth premolar (No. 70604-D) × 1 a) crown view, b) lingual view Figs. 13a, b Right upper fourth premolar (No. 70904-D)× 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view Figs. 14a, b Left metatarsus (No. 71206-D) × 1 a) anterior view, b) inside view Camelus sp. Figs. 15a-c Right lower third deciduous tooth (No. 60813-D)× 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view, c) lingual view

Scapula-No. 31304-A (R)

Tibia-No. 51302-E (L-distal ant.-post. 15.1mm)

Vulpes vulpes palaestina Thomas, 1920 Incisor-No. 70509-E (Pl.XI-2, Fig.5) (RI3-ant.-post. 5.1mm, transv. 4.7mm)

Thoracal vertebra-No. 70711-E (Pl.XI-2, Figs.6a-c) length 11.3mm, width 12.8mm Scapula-No. 70712-E (R)

Humerus-No. 70507-E (Pl.XI-2, Fig.7) (R-distal transv. 20.0mm); No. 70615-E (L);No.71208-D(R)

Martes cf. martes Linnaeus, 1758

Canine-No. 50801-D (Pl.XI-2, Fig.8) (RC-length 25.0mm, ant-post 6.4mm, transv. 3.4mm)

Order Perissodactyla

Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775

Incisor-No. 70407-E (RI1-ant.-post. 8.0mm, transv. 14.7mm)

Cheek tooth-No. 60801-D (RM3-length 18.4mm); No. 61312-H(RP2- length 28.7mm, width 19.6mm); No. 61317-H (Pl.XI-2, Figs.9a, b) (RM3-length 23.8mm, width 11.5mm); No. 70307-E (Pl.XI-2, Figs.l0a-c) (RM1-length 26.7mm, width 24.4mm); No. 70402-E (LP4-length 19.2mm, width 20.9mm); No, 70602-D (Pl. XI-2, Figs.11a, b) (RP4-length 22.6mm, width 20.5mm); No. 70603-D (LP2-length 29.2mm, width 19.3mm); No. 70604-D (Pl.XI-2, Figs.12a, b) (RP4- length 22.7mm, width 14.7mm); No. 70904-D (Pl.XI-2, Figs.13a, b) (RP4-length 22.5mm, width 22.8mm)

Metatarsus-No. 70505-D (R-distal ant.-post. 27.0mm, transv. 38.4mm); No. 71206- D (Pl.XI-2, Figs.14a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 29.4mm, transv. 36.9mm)

Order Artiodactyla

Camelus sp.

Skull-No. 70730-H (Pl .XI-3, Figs.1a-d)

Plate XI-3 Camehis sp. Figs. la-d Skull (No. 70730-H) ×0.5 a) palatal view, b) upper view, c) left side view, d) right side view Figs. 2a, b Right upper jaw with second and third deciduous teeth (No. 71002-A) ×1 a) buccal view, b) palatal view Figs. 3a-c Left upper third deciduous tooth (No. 71008-BC) ×1 a) crown view, b) buccal view, c) lingual view

Lower jaw-No. 60810-D (Pl.XI-4, Figs.1a, b) (R)

Plate XI-4 Camelus sp. Figs. 1a, b Right lower jaw (No. 60810-D) × 1 a) upper view, b) lingual view Figs. 2a, b Left scapula (No. 51320-BC) × 0.5 a) inside view, b) lower view Figs. 3a, b Left metacarpus (No. 70301-D) × 0.5 a) anterior view, b) inside view Figs. 4a, b Left humerus (No. 51314-BC) × 0.5 a) right side view, b) anterior view Fig. 5 Right calcaneum (No. 61301-D) × 1 posterior view

Incisor-No. 70801-D (LI3-ant-post. 7.3mm, transv. 13.1mm); No. 71009-BC (LI3-ant.-post. 6.5mm, transv. 13.6mm)

Cheek tooth-No. 60813-D (Pl.XI-2, Figs.15a-c) (RD3-length 41.1mm, width 16.2mm); No. 71001-A (LM3?); No. 71002-A (Pl.XI-3, Figs.2a, b) (RD2- length 27.6mm, width 19.3mm, RD3-length 33.2mm, width 21.2mm); No. 71008-BC (Pl.XI-3, Figs.3a-c) (LD3-length 23.0mm, width 20.9mm); No. 71103-D (RD3-length 26.4mm, width 20.8mm)

Scapula-No. 31301-BC (R); No, 51320-BC (Pl.XI-4, Figs.2a, b) (L); No. 60812-D (R)

Humerus-No. 51314-BC (Pl.XI-4, Figs.4a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 81.6mm, transv. 73.9mm); No. 61305-D (L-distal ant.-post. 68.1mm, transv. 68.0mm)

Radius-No. 60809-D (R-distal ant.-post. 45.6mm, transv. 83.0mm); No. 70305-D (R)

Metacarpus-No. 50818-E (?-distal ant.-post. 36.8mm, transv. 34.7mm); No. 60811- D (?); No. 60816-D (?); No. 70301-D (Pl.XI-4, Figs. 3a, b) (L-proximal ant.-post. 41.0mm, transv. 62.9mm); No. 70401-D (?-distal ant.-post. 38.4mm, transv. 37.6mm)

Femur-No. 61303-D (?); No. 61304-D (?); No. 70302-D (R)

Tibia-No. 70306-D (L); No. 70601-D (L)

Calcaneum-No. 61301-D (Pl.XI-4, Fig.5 and Pl.XI-5, Fig.1) (R-length 125.6mm)

Plate XI-5 Camelus sp. Fig. 1 Right calcaneum (No. 61301-D) × 1 outside view Figs. 2a-c Left astragulus (No. 50802-D) × 1 a) anterior view, b) inside view, c) outside view Figs. 3a, b Left metatarsus (No. 70501-D) × 1 a) anterior view, b) inside view Figs. 4a, b First phalange (No. 71207-D) × 1 a) side view, b) anterior view

Astragulus-No. 50802-D (Pl.XI-5, Figs.2a-c) (L-length 65.5mm); No. 50807-D (R)

Cuboid and scaphoid-No. 61302-D (?)

Metatarsus-No. 31307-P (R-proximal ant.-post. 41.3mm, transv. 45.4mm); No. 60814-D (?); No. 70501-D (Pl.XI-5, Figs.3a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 42.5mm, transv. 42.8mm); No. 71006-BC (R-proximal ant.-post. 32.9mm, transv. 38.7mm); No. 71007-BC (R); No. S02^*2 (L)

Phalange-No. 71104-D (First-proximal ant.-post. 31.3mm, transv. 39.2mm); No. 71207-D (Pl.XI-5, Figs.4a, b) (First-length 85.1mm, proximal ant.-post. 29,1mm, transv. 34.7mm, distal ant-post. 24.1mm, transv. 30.8mm); No. SO1 (Pl.XI-6, Figs.1a, b) (First-length 86.6mm, distal ant.-post. 28.5mm, transv. 32.9mm)

Plate XI-6 Camelus sp. Figs. 1a, b First phalange (No. SO1) × 1 a) anterior view, b) side view Dama mesopoiamica Brooke, 1875 Figs. 2a, b Left upper first molar (No. S03) × 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view Figs. 3a, b Left humerus (No. 70803-D) × 1 a) outside view, b) posterior view Figs. 4a, b Left humerus (No. 70718-E) × 0.5 a) inside view, b) anterior view Figs. 5a, b Right tibia (No. 51315-BC) × 0.5 a) anterior view, b) inside view Figs. 6a-c Right astragulus (No. 61310-H) × 1 a) outside view, b) inside view, c) anterior view Figs. 7a, b First phalange (No. 50808-D) × 1 a) side view, b) anterior view Gazella cf. subgutturosa Gulden staedt, 1780 Figs. 8a, b Right horn core (No. 61315-H) × 1 a) outside view, b) inside view

Dama mesopotamica Brooke, 1875

Lower jaw-No. 70806-E (R)

Cheek tooth-No. 31309-1 (RP4-length 14.4mm, width 9.5mm); No, 51322-BC (LM1-length 16.0mm, width 7.2mm); No. 70611-D(LM2-length 19.1mm, width 10.7mm); No. 70715-E (RM2-length 17.1mm); No. 71004-BC (RM1-length17.0mm, width 9.9mm); No, 71401-F (RP4-length 15.9mm, width 8.6mm); No. SO3 (Pl.XI-6, Figs.2a, b) (LM1-length 18.0mm, width 14.3mm)

Thoracal vertebra-No. 71003-A

Humerus-No. 51319-E (L); No. 70718-E (Pl.XI-6, Figs. 4a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 35.1mm, transv. 44.7mm); No. 70803-D (Pl.XI-6, Figs.3a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 31.6mm, transv. 36.9mm)

Tibia-No. 51315-BC (Pl.XI-6, Figs.5a, b) (R-Proximal ant.-post. 32.5mm, transv. 41.2mm)

Astragulus-No. 61310-H (Pl.XI-6, Figs.6a-c) (R-length 34.0mm)

Phalange-No. 41311-D (Second-length 28.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 14.9mm, transv. 13.8mm, distal ant.-post. 12.9mm, transv. 10.6mm); No. 50808-D (Pl.XI-6, Figs, 7a, b) (First-length 38.8mm, proximal ant.-post. 15.5mm, transv. 12.2mm, distal ant.-post. 10.8mm, transv. 12.5mm.)

Gazella cf. subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780

Horn core-No. 61315-H (Pl.XI-6, Figs.8a, b) (R-length 93.0mm); No. 70515-E (?); No. 70619-E (Pl.XI-7, Figs.1a, b) (R-length 76.4mm, basal ant.-post. 15.1mm, transv. 12.5mm)

Plate XI-7 Gazella cf. subgutfiirosa Guldenstaedt, 1780 Figs. 1a, b Right horn core (No. 70619-E) × 1 a) inside view, b) outside view Figs. 2a, b Right lower first incisor (No. 50804-E) × 1.52 a) labial view, b) lingual view Figs. 3a, b Left lower first incisor (No. 50816-E) × 1 a) lingual view, b) labial view Figs. 4a, b Left lower first incisor (No. 61322-G) × 1 a) lingual view, b) labial view Figs. 5a, b Right upper jaw with cheek teeth (No. 70702-D) × 1 a) palatal view, b) buccal view Figs. 6a, b Right upper jaw with cheek teeth (No. 70706-E) × 1 a) palatal view, b) buccal view Figs. 7a, b Left lower jaw with cheek teeth (No. 70303-D) × 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view Figs. 8a-c Right lower jaw with cheek teeth (No. 70513-E) × 1 a) crown view, b) buccal view, c) lingual view Figs. 9a, b Thoracal vertebra (No. 70710-E) × 1 a) anterior view, b) left side view Fig.10 Right rib (No. 70713-E) × 1 anterior view Fig. 11 Left scapula (No. 31306-BC) × 1 outside view

Incisor-No. 50804-E (Pl.XI-7, Figs.2a, b) (RI1-ant.-post. 3.1mm, transv. 7.3mm); No. 50816-E (Pl.XI-7, Figs.3a, b) (LI1-ant.-post. 3.8mm, transv. 9.3mm); No. 61322-G (Pl.XI-7, Figs.4a, b) (LI1- ant.-post. 3.8mm, transv. 8.4mm); No. 70502- D(RI1)

Upper jaw and cheek tooth-No. 21304-BC (RM3-length 14.3mm, width 10.2mm); No. 41306-BC (RP3-length 7.6mm, width 5.4mm); No. 51301-E (LP3-length 7.1mm, width 5.4mm, LP4-length 7.2mm, width 6.6mm, LM1-length 10.0mm, width 8.6mm); No. 51326-E (LD1-length 8.8mm, width 6.4mm); No. 70702-D (Pl.XI-7, Figs.5a, b) (RP3-length 6.5mm, width 5.2mm, RP4-length 6.5mm, width 7.1mm, RM1-length 7.3mm, width 8.7mm, RM2-length 9.7mm, width 9.0mm, RM3-width 8.8mm); No. 70706-E (Pl.XT-7, Figs.6a, b) (RM1-length 10.1mm, width 9.5mm, RM2-length 13.0mm, width 9.1mm, RM3-length 13.4mm, width 7.9mm); No. 70707-E (RP4-length 8.7mm, width 8.3mm, RM1-length 9.9mm, width 10.3mm, RM2-length 12.6mm, width 10.7mm); No. 70708-E (RP3-length 8.3mm, width 6.0mm, RP4-length 7.9mm, width 6.5mm); No. 70709-E(LM3-length 13.3mm, width 8.0mm); No. 70719-E (RM1-length 9.3mm width 9.9mm); No. 70720-E (RM2-length 11.5mm, width 10.1mm); No. 70728-E (RP4-length 7.6mm, width 6.7mm); No. 71101-D (LD1-length 9.7mm, width 6.2mm)

Lower jaw and cheek tooth-No. 50810-E (LD1-length 5.4mm, width 2.0mm, LD2-length 7.4mm, width 3.7mm, LD3-length 13.6mm, width 5.5mm); No. 50811-E (LP3-length 7.4mm, width 3.9mm, LP4-length 8.0mm, width 4.2mm, LM1-length 11.1mm, width 5.5mm); No. 50813-E (LM3-length 17.0mm, width 6.4mm); No. 50814-E (LM2-length 12.2mm, width 6.2mm); No, 50815-E (LM1-length 12.4mm, width 5.7mm); No. 51312-A (RM3-width 6.9mm); No. 51318-E (L); No. 51322-BC (L); No. 61309-H (R); No. 61313-H (L); No. 61320-G (LD3-length 15.7mm, width 6.7mm); No. 70303-D (Pl.XI-7, Figs.7a, b) (LP2-length 5.4mm, width 2.8mm, LP3-length 6.9mm, width 3.8mm, LP4-length 7.4mm, width 4.2mm, LM1-length 9.9mm, width 5.9mm, LM2-length 12.1mm, width 5.9mm, LM3-length 16.2mm, width 4.8mm); No. 70512-E (L); No. 70513-E (Pl.XI-7, Figs.8a-c) (RD1-length 5.6mm, width 3.2mm, RD2-length 8.0mm, width 4.8mm, RD3-length 16.6mm, width 5.8mm, RMl-length 14.9mm, width 6.2mm); No. 70605-D (LM1-length 10.1mm, width 5.1mm, LM2-length 11.0mm, width 5.6mm); No. 70606-D (LP2-length 5.5mm, width 2.8mm, LP3-length 7.4mm, width 3.4mm, LP4-length 8.1mm, width 4.6mm); No. 70616-E (LP2-width 8.6mm, LM3-width 8.5mm); No. 70617-E (RM3-length 18.0mm, width 6.5mm); No. 70704-D (R); No. 70722-E (R)

Thoracal vertebra-No. 70710 (Pl.XI-7, Figs.9a,b)

Rib-No. 70713-E (Pl.XI-7, Fig.10) (R)

Scapula-No. 31306-BC (Pl.XI-7, Fig.11) (L); No. 71202-BC (R)

Humerus-No. 60808-E (Pl.XI-8, Figs.1a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 23.4mm); No. 71203-BC (R-distal ant.-post. 24.4mm, transv. 35.0mm)

Plate XI-8 Gazella cf. subgiittiirosa Guldenstaedt, 1780 Figs. 1a, b Left humerus (No. 60808-E) × 1 a) posterior view, b) outside view Figs. 2a, b Right ulna (No. 41307-BC) × 1 a) anterior view, b) outside view Fig. 3 Right tibia (No. 71204-BC) × 1 anterior view Figs. 4a, b Right radius (No. 70724-E) × 1 a) inside view, b) posterior view Figs. 5a, b Left metacarpus (No. 51317-G) × 0.5 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 6a, b Right metacarpus (No. 61308-BC) × 1 a) outside view, b) anterior view Fig. 7 Right pelvis (No. 21302-A) × 1 posterior view Figs. 8a-c Left astragulus (No. 21303-BC) × 1 a) outside view, b) inside view, c) anterior view Fig. 9 Third phalange (No. 71402-F) × 1 side view Figs. 10a, b Right radius (No. 50805-E) × 1 a) outside view, b) anterior view Figs. 11a, b Right metatarsus (No. 70201-E) × 1 a) anterior view, b) outside view Figs. 12a, b Second phalange (No. 51308-D) × 1 a) side view, b) anterior view

Ulna-No. 41307-BC (Pl.XI-8, Figs.2a, b) (R)

Radius-No. 50805-E (Pl.XI-8, Figs.10a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 16.3mm, transv. 21.9mm); No. 70724-E (Pl.XI-8, Figs.4a, b) (R-proximal ant.-post. 14.4mm, transv. 26.1mm); No. 71205-BC (R-distal ant.-post. 18.4mm, transv. 23.2mm)

Metacarpus-No. 50809-E (L-proximal ant.-post. 15.2mm, transv, 19.9mm); No.

51317-G (Pl.XI-8, Figs.5a, b) (L-length 155.0mm, distal ant.-post. 15.9mm,transv. 24.5mm); No. 61308-BC (Pl.XI-8, Figs.6a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 16.9mm, transv. 23.7mm); No. 70508-D (L-proximal ant.-post. 19.9mm, transv. 24.0mm)

Pelvis-No. 21302-A (Pl.XI-8, Fig.7) (R)

Tibia-No. 70903-E (R-distal ant.-post. 18.8mm, transv. 35.0mm); No. 71204-BC (Pl.XI-8, Fig.3) (R-distal ant.-post. 19.3mm, transv. 22.7mm)

Astragulus-No. 21303-BC (Pl.XI-8, Figs.8a-c) (L-length 25.2mm); No. 70610-D (R-length 23.3mm)

Metatarsus-No. 41310-D (L-proximal ant.-post. 20.9mm, transv. 21.5mm); No. 61306-D (R-proximal ant.-post. 21.3mm, transv. 22.6mm); No. 61307-D (R-distal ant.-post. 14.6mm, transv. 19.5mm); No. 61314-H (R-distal ant.-post. 14.6mm, transv. 20.1mm); No. 70201-E (Pl.XI-8, Figs.11a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 13.4mm, transv. 18.2mm); No. 70716-E (R-proximal transv. 17.3mm); No. 70723-E (R-distal ant.-post. 15.7mm, transv. 20.7mm)

Phalange-No. 50812-E (First-length 39.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 13.8mm, transv. 10.5mm, distal ant.-post. 9.2mm, transv. 8.6mm); No. 51308-D (Pl.XI-8, Figs.12a, b) (Second-length 23.3mm, proximal ant.-post. 12.4mm, transv. 11.4mm, distal ant.-post. 10.1mm, transv. 9.4mm); No. 51320-G (Second-length 21.9mm, proximal ant.-post. 12.1mm, transv. 8.9mm, distal transv. 7.4mm); No. 61319-G (First-length 42.2mm, proximal ant.-post. 14.2mm, transv. 9.9mm, distal ant. post. 10.1mm, transv. 9.2mm); No. 61321-G (Second-distal ant.-post. 7.5mm, transv. 6.8mm); No. 70612-D (First-length 31.2mm, proximal ant.-post. 10.6mm, distal ant.-post. 6.6mm, transv. 6.6mm); No. 71402-F (Pl.XI-8, Fig.9) (Third-length 23.8mm, proximal ant.-post. 16.4mm, transv. 8.2mm)

Class Aves

Order Struthioformes

Struthio sp.

Egg shell-No. 70202-D (Pl.XI-9, Figs.la-c, 2, 3a, b) (thickness 1.7mm); No. 70519-D (thickness 1.8mm); No, 70520-D (thickness 1.9mm) No. 70521-D (thickness 1.8mm); No. 70623-D (thickness 1.7mm)

Plate XI-9 Struthio sp. Figs. 1a-c Egg shell (No. 70202-D) × 2 a) sectional view, b) outside view, c) inside view Fig. 2 Egg shell (No. 70202-D) × 58 inside view Figs. 3a, b Egg shell (No. 70202-D) a) inside view × 400, b) inside view × 900

Order Galliformes

Aves gen. et sp. indet. A

Humerus-No. 51325-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs, 14a, b) (R-length 26.7mm, proximal ant. post. 3.9mm, transv. 7.6mm, distal ant.-post. 2.9mm, transv. 5.3mm); No. 70506-D (PLXI-10, Figs.13a, b) (L-length 21.3mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.0mm, transv. 6.1mm, distal ant-post. 2.4mm, transv. 4.3mm); No. 70622-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.15a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 4.6mm, transv. 6,6mm); No. 70734-D (Pl. XI-10, Figs.12a, b) (L-proximal ant.-post. 4.9mm, transv. 8.6mm); No, 70809-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.16a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 4.5mm, transv. 7.0mm)

Plate XI-10 Aves gen. et sp. indet. A Figs. 1a, b Left ulna (No. 50819-E) × 1.53 a) inside view, b) outside view Fig. 2 Left ulna (No. 70805-E) × 1.47 inside view Figs. 3a, b Right coracoid (No. 51323-BC) × 1.49 a) inside view, b) outside view Figs. 4a, b Left coracoid (No. 70517-E) × 1.51 a) outside view, b) inside view Figs. 5a, b Right coracoid (No. 70732-D) × 1.48 a) inside view, b) outside view Figs. 7a, b Right metacarpus (No. 31310-BC) × 1.53 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Figs. 12a, b Left humerus (No. 70734-D) × 1.53 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Figs. 13a, b Left humerus (No. 70506-D) × 1.5 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 14a, b Right humerus (No. 51325-BC) × 1.55 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Figs. 15a, b Left humerus (No. 70622-D) × 1.56 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 16a, b Left humerus (No. 70809-E) × 1.51 a) posteriot view, b) anterior view Figs. 18a, b Left tibia (No. 41313-BC) × 1.02 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 19a, b Left tibia (No. 70810-E) × 1.47 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Figs. 21a, b Left radius (No. 70811-E) × 1.5 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 24a, b Right metatarsus (No. 70409-D) × 1.49 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 25a, b Right metatarsus (No. 70812-E) × 1.53 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 26a, b Right metatarsus (No. 41309-BC) × 1.42 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Aves gen. et sp. indet. B Figs. 6a, b Right coracoid (No, 70510-E) × 1.58 a) outside view, b) inside view Figs. 20a, b Right metacarpus (No. 60815-D) × 1.53 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Aves gen. et sp. indet. C Figs. 10a, b Right first phalange (No. 41309-BC) × 1.51 a) anterior view, b) pos terior view Figs, 11 a, b Left first phalange (No. 70808-E) × 1.47 a) anterior view, b) posterior view Fig. 17 Right femur (No. 70735-D) × 1.53 anterior view Figs. 22a, b Vertebra (No. 70518-D) × 1.52 a) ventral view,b) dorsal view Figs. 23a, b Right femur (No. 70736-D) × 1.55 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 27a, b Right metatarsus (No. 70410-D) × 1.47 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs, 28a, b Left metatarsus (No. 70804-D) × 1.51 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 29a, b Right metatarsus (No. 70813-E) × 1.5 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Aves gen. et sp. indet. D Figs. 8a, b Left metacarpus (No. 70807-E) × 1.48 a) posterior view, b) anterior view Figs. 9a, b Left metacarpus (No. 70733-D) × 1.48 a) posterior view, b) anterior view

Ulna-No. 50819-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.1a, b) (L-proximal ant.-post. 2.6mm, transv. 4.4mm); No. 70805-E (Pl.XI-10, Fig.2) (L-proximal ant.-post. 2.9mm, transv. 4.5mm)

Radius-No. 70811-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.21a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 2.4mm, transv. 3.7mm)

Coracoid-No. 51323-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs.3a, b) (R-length 20.3mm, proximal ant.-post. 4.8mm, transv. 1.2mm, distal ant.-post. 3.0mm, transv. 1.6mm); No. 70517-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.4a, b) (L-length 24.9mm, proximal ant.-post. 4.3mm, transv. 1.2mm, distal ant.-post. 4.1mm, transv. 1.9mm); No. 70732-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.5a, b) (R-length 21.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 6.7mm, transv. 2.4mm, distal ant.-post. 4.8mm, transv. 3.1mm)

Metacarpus-No. 31310-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs.7a, b) (R-length 16.8mm, proximal ant.- post. 2.3mm, transv. 3.6mm, distal ant.-post. 1.4mm, transv. 3.6mm)

Tibia-No. 41313-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs.18a, b) (L-proximal ant.-post. 4.2mm, transv. 4.4mm); No. 70810-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.19a, b) (L-distal ant.-post. 3.8mm, transv. 3.7mm)

Metatarsus-No. 41309-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs.26a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 1.6mm, transv. 4.8mm); No. 70409-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.24a, b) (R-length 30.9mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.0mm, transv. 2.9mm, distal ant.-post. 2.4mm, transv. 4.8mm); No. 70812-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.25a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 1.6mm, transv. 4.8mm)

Aves gen, et sp. indet. B

Coracoid-No. 70510-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.6a, b) (R-length 32.7mm, proximal ant.-post. 7.5mm, transv. 3.0mm, distal ant.-post. 7.6mm, transv. 4.1mm)

Metacarpus-No. 60815-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.20a, b) (R-length 34.6mm, proximal ant.- post. 4.0mm, transv. 4.6mm, distal ant.-post. 5.2mm, transv. 3.7mm)

Order Columbiformes

Aves gen. et sp. indet. C

Vertebra-No. 70518-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.22a, b) (ant.-post. 9.6mm, transv. 9.8mm) Femur-No. 70735-D (Pl.XI-10, Fig.17) (R-distal ant.-post. 5.1mm, transv. 4.7mm); No. 70736-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.23a, b) (R-distal ant.-post. 6.2mm, transv. 6.6mm)

Metatarsus-No. 70410-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.27a, b) (R-length 30.0mm, proximal ant.-post. 5.3mm, transv. 5.0mm, distal ant.-post. 3.8mm, transv. 5.3mm); No. 70804-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.28a, b) (L-length 28.8mm, proximal ant.-post. 4.9mm, transv. 4.7mm, distal ant.-post. 3.2mm, transv. 5.7mm); No. 70813-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs. 29a, b) (R-length 31.2mm, proximal ant.-post. 6.4mm, transv. 4.9mm, distal ant-post. 4.3mm, transv. 6.7mm)

Phalange-No. 41309-BC (Pl.XI-10, Figs.l0a, b) (R First-length 14.9mm, proximal ant.-post. 2.2mm, transv. 4.4mm, distal ant.-post. 3.4mm, transv. 2.7mm); No. 41315-BC (Pl.XI-1, Fig.12) (Second-length 9.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 1.9mm, transv. 3.0mm, distal ant.-post. 2.1mm, transv. 1.9mm); No. 51326-BC (Pl.XI-1, Figs.9a, b) (Third-length 12.6mm, proximal ant.-post. 5.4mm, transv. 3.6mm); No. 51324-BC (Pl.XI-1, Fig.11) (Second-length 12.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.7mm, transv. 4.5mm, distal ant.-post. 2.7mm, transv. 4.0mm); No. 70808-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.11a, b) (L First-length 16.8mm, proximal ant.-post. 2.5mm, transv. 5.5mm, distal ant.-post. 4.2mm, transv. 3.4mm)

Order Passeriformes

Aves gen. et. sp. indet. D

Metacarpus-No. 70733-D (Pl.XI-10, Figs.9a, b) (L-length 23.5mm, proximal ant.-post. 5.9mm, transv. 2.6mm, distal ant.-post. 2.6mm, transv. 3.4mm); No. 70807-E (Pl.XI-10, Figs.8a, b) (L-length 23.4mm, proximal ant.-post. 4.4mm, transv. 2.7mm, distal ant.-post. 2.3mm, transv. 3.9mm)

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata

Suborder Lacertilia

Proiguana sp.

Lower jaw-No. 70620-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.6a, b) (L)

Chamaeleo sp.

Lower jaw-No. 705I6-E (Pl.XI-1, Figs.7a, b) (R)

Humerus-No. 70621-D (Pl.XI-1, Figs.14a, b) (L-length 13.2mm, proximal ant.-post. 3.0mm, transv. 3.6mm, distal ant.-post. 1.6mm, transv. 3.6mm)

Pelvis-No. 41314-BC (Pl.XI-1, Fig.15) (L)

Femur-No. 50806-E (Pl.XI-1, Figs.16a, b) (R-proximal ant.-post. 2.7mm, transv. 3.7mm)

Suborder Ophidia

Ophidia gen. et sp. indet.

Vertebra-No. 41303-BC (Pl.XI-1, Figs.23a, b) (ant.-post 18.7mm, transv. 9.9mm)

Angress, S. (1959):

Mammal remains from Horvat Beter (Beersheba), Atiqot, Vol. 2, pp. 53-71.

Bate, D.M.A. (1927):

On the animal remains obtained from the Mugharet-el-Emireh in 1925, in Research in Prehistoric Galilee 1925-1926 by F. Turville-Petre. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, London, pp. 9-13, Figs.1-4.

Bate, D.M.A. (1927):

On the animal remains obtained from the Mugharet-el-Zuttiyeh in 1925 and 1926. Ibid., pp. 27-52, Pl. 17, Figs.5-10.

Bate, D.M.A. (1937):

The fossil fauna of the Wady-el-Mughara caves, in The Stone Age of Mount Carmel by D.A.E. Garrod and D.M.A. Bate, Vol. 1, Pt. 2, pp. 137-240, Figs.1-8, Table 1.

Bate, D.M.A. (1938):

The excavations at Wadi Dhobai, 1937-1938 and the Dhobaian industry, II. Vertebrate report. Jour. Palestine Oriental Soc., Vol. 18, pp. 17-23, Fig.1.

Bate, D.M.A. (1942):

The fossil mammals of Shukbah. Proc. Preh. Soc. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 15-20.

Bate, D.M.A. (1955):

Vertebrate faunas of Quaternary deposits in Cyrenaica, in Prehistory and Pleistocene Geology in Cyrenaican Libya by C.B.M. McBurney and R.W. Hey. pp. 274-291, Figs.38,39

Bazhanov, V.S. (1961):

Upper Cenozoic ostriches from Tian-Shan region. Trudy Inst. Zool., Acad. Nauk, Kazakh. SSR, Tome 15, pp. 5-11, Figs.1-4 (in Russian).

Binford, S.R. (1966):

Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet esh-Shubbabiq)-A Mousterian cave in Israel. Israel Explor. Jour., Vol. 16, pp. 18-32, 96-103, Figs.1-9.

Binford, S.R. (1968):

Farly Upper Pleistocene adaptations in the Levant. Amer. Anthrop., Vol.70.pp. 707-717, Fig.1.

Haas, G. (1951):

Remarque sur la microfaune de mammifères de la Grotte d'Oumm-Qatafa, in Le Palèolithique et Ie Mèsolithique du Dèsert de Judèe by R. Neuville et alii. Arch. Inst. Pal. Humaine, Mèm. 24, pp. 218-233, Figs.75-78.

Haas, G. (1952):

The fauna of layer B of the Abu Usba cave, in the Abu Usba cave (Mount Carmel) by M. Stekelis and G. Haas. Israel Explor. Jour. Vol. 2, pp. 35-37, Pis. 1-4.

Haas, G. (1966):

On the vertebrate fauna of the Lower Pleistocene site 'Ubeidiya. Israel Acad. Sci. Hum., pp. 1-68, Pis. 1-14.

Haas, G. (1968):

On the fauna of 'Ubeidiya. Israel Acad. Sci. Hum., Proc., sec. Sci., No. 7, pp. 1-14.

Harrison, D.L. (1964):

The mammals of Arabia, Vol. 1. pp. 1-192, Figs.1-59, map 1. Harrison, D.L. (1968); The mammals of Arabia, Vol. 2, pp. 193-381, Pis. 60-128.

Higgs, E.S. (1967):

Environment and chronology-The evidence from mammalian fauna, in the Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the stone age of the Southeast Mediterranean by C.B. McBurney. pp. 16-74, Pls. 1-3, Figs.1-11, Tables 1-4.

Hooijer, D.A. (1960):

Fossil mammals from Jisr Banat Yaqub, South of Lake Huleh, Israel. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel, Geo-Sci., Vol. 8G, No. 4, pp. 177-199, Pls. 1-4.

Hooijer, D.A. (1961):

The fossil vertebrates of Ksar'Akil, a Palaeolithic rock shelter in the Lebanon. Zool. Verhandl., No. 49, pp. 1-67, Pls. 1, 2, Tables 1-25.

Hooijer, D.A. (1968):

An Early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Bethlehem. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol., Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 265-292, Pls. 32-35.

Kurtèn, B. (1965):

The carnivora of the Pleistocene caves. Acta Zool. Fennica, Vol. 107, pp. 1-74, Pls. 1-4, Figs.1-11, Tables 1-25.

Leakey, L.S.B. (1965):

Oldvai Gorge 1951-61, Vol. 1-A preliminary report on the geology and fauna. pp. 1-118, Figs.1-37.

Leakey, L.S.B. (1971):

Oldvai Gorge, Vol. 3-Excavation in Beds I and II, 1960-1963. pp. 1-306, Figs.1-41.

Picard, L. (1937):

Inferences on the problem of the Pleistocene climate of Palestine and Syria drawn from flora, fauna and stratigraphy. Proc, Preh. Soc., Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 58-70.

Sholokhov, V.V. (1960):

Egg-shells of Neogene ostriches in Turkmenistan. Palaeont. Zhurnal, 1960, No. 4, pp. 137-139, Figs.1, 2 (in Russian).

Suzuki, H. and Kobori, I. (eds.) (1970):

Report of the reconnaissance survey on Palaeolithic sites in Lebanon and Syria. Univ. Mus., Univ. Tokyo. Bull. No. 1, pp. 1-135, Photos 1-27, Figs.1-53.

Suzuki, H. and Takai, F. (eds.) (1973):

The Palaeolithic site at Douara cave in Syria. Ibid., No. 5, pp. 1-150, Pl. 1-23, 52 Figs.

Takai, F. (1968):

The geological age of the Amud man and the associated mammalian fauna. 7º Congres International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques (Moscou, 1964), Vol. 3, Sec. 5, pp. 313-319, Fig.10, Table 1.

Takai, F. (1970):

Fossil mammals from the Amud cave, in the Amud Man and His Cave Site by H. Suzuki and F. Takai. Chapter V, pp. 53-76, Pls. 11-16, Fig.1, Table 1.

Tchernov, E. (1968):

Succession of rodent faunas during the Upper Pleistocene of Israel. pp. 1-152, 130 Figs., 40 Tables.

Vaufrey, R. (1951):

Mammiféres, in Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du Désert de Judée by R. Neuville et alii. Arch. Inst. Pal. Humaine, Mém. 24, pp. 198-217, Pls. 17-20.

*1 No. 31305-A means 3-13-05-A. The first and second numerals coincide with the position of grid and the third numeral is the number of specimen in the grid. The last letter denotes the layer from which the specimen has been gained.[return to the text]

*2 No. SO2 means S-O2. The first letter denotes the mixture and the second numeral is the number of specimen in the mixture.[return to the text]