The flowering plants of Nepal were comprehensively enumerated recently in Hara, Stearn and Williams (1978-81) in three volumes. Reporting on the ferns and their allies is far behind that on the flowering plants and there is no modern enumeration listing all the species known from Nepal. This work intends to provide a check list of all the known species of the pteridophytes in Nepal, mainly based on the specimens preserved in Japanese herbaria, especially in KYO and TI.

The author made a botanical excursion to Nepal in 1972 as a member of the Uni-versity of Tokyo Botanical Expedition to the East Himalayas, and made observations in the Nepal and Darjeeling areas for about three months. He also made several botanical excursions to northern Thailand during 1965-1972 and to Yunnan in 1984 (Iwatsuki and Zan 1986) and 1987 (Iwatsuld et al. 1988), and noted many so-called Himalayan species growing in these areas. Phytogeographical comparisons were also made with species in Japan. Recently a great number of specimens have been collected, as will be briefly noted in the historical sketch. After compiling all information I have tried to prepare a critical list of the Nepalese ferns as a basis of further analytical studies of the species growing there.

A general conspectus of the flora of Nepal was given by Stearn in Hara et al. (1978). In these brief introductory notes I will make a few additions to the information on fern taxonomy.

Pteridophytes of Nepal were studied in the last century mostly by British botanists, and the results were published in many excellent papers.

'Species Filicum' by Hooker and later 'Synopsis Filicum' by Hooker and Baker marked a great advance in the knowledge of ferns, and the ferns of the Himalayas were comprehensively treated in these monumental works. Based on these great works, the Himalayan ferns were further revised by botanists who observed them in the field. One of the most intensive works among them was that by C. B. Clarke (1880). R. H. Beddome published his observations in the form of illustrations and then compiled his contributions in a handbook in 1883 with a supplement in 1892. C. W. Hope (1899-1904) made a detailed study on the ferns of northwestern India, which included a contribution to the elucidation of the pteridophytes of Nepal.

In the first half of our century, fern classification made a great advance, though Himalayan botany was hardly active. The ferns of surrounding areas, especially those of China and Indochina were studied intensively, and classical Himalayan collections were revised in the course of these studies. Great contributions to the Chinese ferns were made by R.-C. Ching, and Indochinese ferns were revised by Tardieu-Blot and C. Christensen (1939-51). Ferns of Taiwan, which are systematically related to their Himalayan relatives, were studied first by B. Hayata and then by M. Tagawa in more detail.

In the 1950s, when Nepal was opened to botanists from abroad, a new era of research on Nepalese ferns began. Many Japanese botanists visited and did a variety of botanical researches. Nakao, Namikawa, Kawakita and others made trips to Nepal and collected many specimens, including ferns which are now preserved in KYO. Some of these were studied by M. Tagawa. Professor H. Hara began the University of Tokyo Botani-cal Expeditions to the Eastern Himalayas, and eight expeditions of considerable size were sent from the University of Tokyo between 1960 and 1985. Numerous specimens of pteridophytes were brought to TI and the duplicates were dispersed to herbaria throughout the world. The present author took part in the fifth expedition in 1972. Collections of the first to fifth expeditions were enumerated and published in three parts in 1966, 1971, and 1975, and the pteridophytes were studied by M. Tagawa, H. Ito, M. Nishida, and the author.

Kanai, Nishioka, and others stayed in Nepal for longer periods, and collected speci-mens with the collaboration of Nepalese botanists. Common weeds, especially in and around cultivated areas, often escape the eyes of botanists who pass such places rather quickly; only the botanists living in the country can make more detailed observations of such areas. Hence, the above botanists found many species which were not in the collections of the expeditions.

Chiba University and Kyoto University sent several ecological expeditions to Nepal, and the ecologists collected a number of specimens including pteridophytes. Kyoto University's ecological expeditions explored western Nepal, and many interesting spec-imens were brought to KYO. Pteridophytes of the Chiba University expedition of 1963 were listed by Nishida (1966,69), though the later collections are not recorded in the literature. Toyama University sent pharmacognological expeditions to Nepal several times, and Namba, Mikage and others collected botanical specimens.

Among the Japanese botanists, K. Suehiro collected a variety of pteridophyte spec-imens in 1976; his collections are in KYO. His primary interest was to analyse the vegetation in Nepal, but he collected many specimens of pteridophytes along the way. There are other Japanese who collected in Nepal and contributed their specimens to the major herbaria. More recently, Nakaike took part in the National Science Museum Cryptogamic Botany Expedition and collected in Nepal: he published checklists of Polystichum and Crypsinus in Nepal.

Even in recent years, British botanists made expeditions to Nepal and Indian bota-nists made various explorations there. M. L. Banerji explored Nepal many times, and published a paper on the pteridophytes of Nepal in 1972. B. K. Nayar and his collabo-rators made contributions to the study of ferns of India, and included Nepalese ferns. A check list of the collections made by Zimmermann was prepared by A. H. G. Alston and C. E. B. Bonner (1956).

The number of Nepalese botanists is growing and we can expect detailed botanical explorations by them in the near future.

The University of Tokyo Expeditions to the Eastern Himalayas yielded a variety of scientific contributions: the ferns of the first to fourth expeditions were enumerated with a collaboration of H.Ito, M. Tagawa, M. Nishida, and K. Iwatsuki in two parts in 1966 and 1971. The author took part in the fifth expedition, and the enumeration of the pteridophytes in the third contribution was prepared by him along with critical revisions of the first and second enumerations. After the sixth expedition, however, no enumerations were prepared for the collections, partly because a general enumera-tion of the flowering plants had been worked out. More detailed taxonomical studies are being carried out for the flowering plants, although we have no modern enumera-tion of the pteridophytes.

The primary intention of this work is to enumerate the results of the identification of all the Nepalese pteridophytes collected by the University of Tokyo Expeditions. In addition, the comparative studies were extended to the materials preserved in the other herbaria, and the literature was screened. Thus, it is hoped this will be an enu-meration of every known Nepalese pteridophyte.

The arrangement of the enumeration is in the order of the families recognized in Tagawa and Iwatsuki (1972), though some modifications are made; subfamilies of the Peranemaceae arc treated here as distinct families, recognizing both Dryopteridaceae and Aspidiaceae. An artificial key to the families will be given preceding the enu-meration.

In each family a key to the genera is prepared, and in each genus a key to the species is given for the sake of identification. The synonymic list is restricted to necessary references. In every case, Clarke (1880), Beddome (1883, 1892), Hope (1899-1904), Tagawa (1955), H. Ito, Tagawa, Nishida, and Iwatsuki (1966,1971), and Iwatsuki (1975) are considered. Banerji (1972) was mostly recorded in Iwatsuki (1975) and some notes are given here on the species concerned. Many of the Zimmermann collections, on which Alston and Bonner (1956) are based, were examined, and a few comments will be made in this enumeration. The citations to the above literature are in abbreviated form as shown above, Other references are cited only when they are needed to recog-nize the species in Nepal.

The specimens are listed without herbaria citation; most of them can be found in Japanese herbaria, especially KYO and/or TI. Many specimens are skipped when the field number is not available. In some cases, species without any Nepalese specimens are included, especially when it is highly probable that the species ia in Nepal. The Terrai area has been less minutely botanized, and additional widespread species may be found in this area.

Habitats are only briefly recorded for each species as there are many species whose habitats are not given on the labels. In such cases, the habitats are estimated to be similar to the Yunnan and/or Thai habitats of the species, Altitudinal records are often treated as in the neighboring areas.

Distributions are rather roughly noted, though Bhutan is fully recorded in order to make the phytogeographical interrelationships clearer. N India includes Sikkim, Dar-jeeling, Kashmir and others, and designations in China are variable. The recent explorations in SW China are comprehensive, and there are valuable contributions by R.-C. Ching, S.-K. Wu, K.-H. Shing, etc. Flora Xizangica I (1981) is an important reference, and I owe very much to it, though Ching & Wu's species concept is very narrow and strict.

Notes are generally not given here, and further studies are postponed. Most of the species are recognized in the broader sense. At this stage of taxonomical studies, species should be analysed by applying modern techniques to elucidate their real nature. It is hoped that this enumeration will provide for a more detailed species analysis of the pteridophytes of Nepal.

Acknowledgements

This enumeration is based mostly on herbarium specimens. The author is thankful to all who botanized in Nepal and collected specimens in the severe conditions there; also to the herbarium staff members who keep the specimens in good condition and make botanical research possible in herbaria. The author has done herbarium studies in A AAU B BK BKF BM BO C CAL E G GH IBSC K KAG KYO KUN L MICH NSW OSA P PE PNH SAP SING TI TNS TOFO UC US, although his main research work was carried out in KYO and TI. He is grateful to the directors and curators of these herbaria.

Lycopodium L.

Lycopodium serratum Thunb., Fl. Jap. 341, t. 38 (1784); D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 19 (1825); Clarke (1880) 591; Tagawa (1971) 199. ——— Urostachys serratus (Thunb.) Hert., Bot. Arch. 3: 13 (1923), Ind. Lycopod. 81 (1949).
Kanai 41.
On humus-rich ground in mountain forests in lowlands up to 2300 m alt.
Bourbon, temperate Asia to Polynesia and Australia; also recorded from Mexico and Cuba.

Lycopodium herterianum Kümm., Magyar Bot. Lap. 26: 99 (1928); Tagawa (1971) 198; K. Iwats. (1975) 167. ——— Lycopodium sikkimense Hert., Bot. Jahrb. 43 Beibl. 98: 42 (1909) non K. Müll. (1861). ——— Urostachys sikkimensis (Hert.) Hert. ex Nessel, Lycopod. 52, t. 7, f. 1 (1939). ——— Urostachys herterianus (Kümm.) Hert, Ind. Lycopod. 64 (1949).
Lycopodium lucidnlum Michx. sens. Clarke (1880) 589, pl. 84, f. 1.
TI 67-5431~34, 725132, 725166, 725175, 725177, 725222, 725462, 772236, Tabata et al. 13242.
On humus-rich mountain slopes in dense forests at 2500-3900 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, and Tibet.

Lycopodium selago L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1102 (1753); K. Iwats. (1975) 167.——— Urostachys selago (L.) Hert., Phil. J. Sci. 22: 180 (1923), Ind. Lycopod. 81 (1949).
TI 63-Oct.-29, 725174, 725178, 725269.
On grassy ground in open places or in semi-shade at 2500-4000 m alt.
Temperate regions in N Hemisphere.

Lycopodium hamiltonii Spr., Syst. Veg. 5: 492 (1828); Clarke (1880) 590; K. Iwats. (1975) 166. ——— Lycopodium obtusifoliiim Hamilt. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 18 (1925), non Sw. (1806) ——— Urostachys hamiltonii (Spr.) Hert. ex Nessel, Lycopod. 68 (1939), Ind. Lycopod. 63 (1949).
TI 63-Nov.-5, 23, 27, 28, 63-Dec-l, 3, 67-3025, 67-7102, 67-June-26, 69-June-2, 725942, 8310104, 8350104, 8580088, 8580156, Tabata et al.12391, 18104.
Epiphytic on mossy tree-trunks in dense forests at 1000-2500 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, S China, Thailand, Indochina, S Japan, and Taiwan.

Lycopodium subulifolium Wall. ex Hook, et Grev., Icon. Fil. 1; t. 49 (1827); Tagawa (1971) 199. ——— Lycopodium setaceum Hamilt. ex D. Don var. siibiilifolizan Wall. apud Clarke (1880) 590. ——— Urostachys mbulifolius (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Hert., Ind. Lycopod. 84 (1949).
TI 67-5421~27, 69-June-2, 3, 7717143, 8330120, 8330453, 8350105, 8350107, 8580790, Namba et al. 652, Tabata et al. 12390, 18103, 19172.
N India and Bhutan.

Lycopodium pulcherrimum Wall. ex Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil. 1: t. 38 (1827); K. Iwats. (1975) 167. ——— Lycopodium setaceum Hamilt. ex D. Don var. piilcherrimum (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Clarke (1880) 590. ——— Urostachys pulcherrimiis (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Hert., Ind. Lycopod. 77 (1949).
Lycopodium setaceum Hamilt, ex D, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, 18 (1825), non Lam. (1789); Clarke (1880) 590.
TI 725896, 725951, 771984, 773477, Zimmermann 1247.
On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy cliffs in dense forests at 1300-2200 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, Tibet, and Taiwan.

Lycopodium squarrosum G. Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 86 (1786); Clarke (1880) 591; Tagawa (1971) 199. ——— Urostachys squanosus (G. Forst.) Hert., Bot. Arch. 3: 14 (1923), Ind. Lycopod. 83 (1949).
Lycopodium hookeri Wall. ex Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil. 2: t. 185 (1829).
TI 67-5446~47, 26045, 772832.
On muddy cliffs and on mossy tree-trunks in forests at 900-1500 m alt.
Tropics of the Old World.

Lycopodium phlegmaria L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1101 (1753); Clarke (1880) 592.
Wallich.
Pendent from tree-trunks in dense forests in valley at lower 'elevations lower than 1000 m alt.
Tropics of the Old World.

Lycopodium veitchii Christ, Bull. Geogr. Bot. Mans. 1906: 141 (1906); Hert., Ind. Lycopod. 46 (1949); Tagawa (1971) 200; K. Iwats. (1975) 167.
TI 725180.
On humus-rich ground on edge of forests or in. semi-shade at 3000-3500 m alt.

Lycopodium clavatum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1101 (1753); Clarke (1880) 592; Hert., Ind. Lycopod. 11 (1949); Tagawa (1971) 198; K. Iwats. (1975) 166.
Lycopodium divarication Wall. ex Grev. et Hook. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 2; 377 (1831). ——— Lycopodium clavatiim L. var. wallichianum Spring, Mem. Acad. Sci. Belg. 15: 90 (1842), based on L. divaricatum Wall. ex Grev. et Hook.; Tagawa (1955) 78.
Lycopodium japoniciim Thunb., Fl. Jap. 341 (1784); Ching & S.-K. Wu in C.-Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 16 (1983).
TI 67-5439~44, 6305449, 25606, 25659, 20108, 725282, 772674, 773526, 774099, 77-Aug.-31, 8330162, 8350122, 8351158, 8580038, 8581444, Malla & Kanai 673578, 674627, Nishioka 561, 853, Nakao s.n., Polunin 6, Polunin et al. 3895, 5558, Zimmermann 1105, 1983, Tabata et al. 18458, 20407.
Terrestrial on sandy slopes in open places or in semi-shade at 1300-3800 m alt.
Cosmopolitan; trials to discriminate local forms have repeatedly been made without any success. A composite species.

Lycopodium cernuum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1103 (1753); Clarke (1880) 591; Hert., Ind. Lycopod. 10 (1949); Tagawa (1971) 197; K. Iwats. (1975) 166.
TI 63-Nov.-5. 67-5438, 8331442, 835003, Kanai 16686, Namba et al. 53, 284.
On Sandy banks or on wet ground in open places on edge of forests in lowlands up to 1700 m alt.
Tropics and subtropics throughout the World.

Selaginella Beauv.

Alston, A. H, G. 1945. An enumeration of the Indian species of Selaginella. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 11; 211-234.

Selaginella picta var. viridis Alston was noted from Nepal in Ching & S.-K. Wu in C.-Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 7 (1983), though I have seen no specimen.

Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 135 (1843); Alston, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 11: 215 (1945). ——— Lycopodium sanguinolentum L., Sp. PL 2: 1104 (1753).
Tabata et al. 22090.
In rocky places in grasslands at about 3200 m alt.
N India, Turkistan, Siberia, to Kamtchatka.
A form referred to f. aitchisonii (Hieron.) Alston by Alston (1945).

Selaginella pallidissima Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 231 (1843); Alston, l.c. 216 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 168.
Polunin et al. 3068, 3178, 3364.
Forming dense mats on vertical banks of moist deciduous forests at 2700-3300 m alt.

Selaginella vaginata Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 87 (1850); Alston, l.c. 217 (1945); Tagawa (1971) 201; K. Iwats. (1975) 169.
TI 63-Nov.-19, 63-Dec.-4, 725351, 725393, 725426, 772767.
In muddy crevices of cliffs or on moist rocks in forests at lower to middle elevation.
N India, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma, and N Thailand.

Selaginella repanda (Desv.) Spring in Gaud., Voy. Bonite Bot. 1: 329 (1846); Alston, l. c. 217 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 169. ——— Lycopodium repandum Desv. in Lam., Ency. Suppl. 3: 558 (1814).
Selaginella plumosa (L.) Presl var. hamiltonii Baker, J. Bot. 21: 145 (1883).
TI 63-Nov.-24, 25, 30, 67-26128, 67-June-26, 725003, 725032, 771532, 771545.
Terrestrial on mountain slopes in shade at lower to middle elevation up to 2200 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, S China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Taiwan, and W Malesia, east to Timor.

Selaginella pallida (Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 234 (1843); Alston, l.c. 218 (1945). ——— Lycopodium pallidum Hook. et Grev. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 2: 389 (1831), non Beyrich ex Gaud. (1826).
Lycopodium tenellum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 18 (1825). ——— Selaginella nepa-lensis Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 234 (1843).
Wallich (type), Scully 56, Login, TI 725556.
Forming dense mats on shady vertical banks at 1500-2200 m alt.
NW India.

Selaginella fulcrata (Hamilt.) Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 171 (1850); Alston, l.c. 219 (1945). ——— Lycopodium fulcratum Hamilt. in D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 17 (1825).
Hamilton (type), Wallich 125, 300, 305, Maries, Smith, Zimmermann 2153, Polunin et al. 1332.
On damp sheltered earth banks at lower elevation up to 1200 m alt.
N India.

Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 136 (1843); Alston, l.c. 220 (1945); Tagawa (1971) 200; K. Iwats. (1975) 168. ——— Lycopodium involvens Sw., Syn. Fil. 182 (1806).
Lycopodium caulescens Wall. ex Hook. et Grev. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 2: 382 (1831). ——— Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy, Sci. Brux. 10: 137 (1843).
TI 63-0ct.-24, 30, 63-Nov.-5, 12, 13, 63-Dec.-4, 725089, 725353, 725490, 771897, 773141, 8330078, 8330121, 8350057, 8580885, Suehiro 82~84, 2326, Zimmermann 1256, Polunin et al. 3045, Tabata et al. 18029, 23757, 23929.
On rocks, on perpendicular surfaces of cliffs, or on mountain slopes in semi-shade at middle elevation, 1000-2500 m alt.
Ceylon, India, Bhutan, China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, S Korea, Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, and W to C Malesia.

Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Baker, J. Bot. 22: 376 (1884); Alston, l.c. 221 (1945).——— Lycopodium bryopteris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1567 (1753).
Zimmermann 2077, Polunin et al. 667, Tabata 23629, 24648.
On rocks in dense forests at lower elevation up to 1700 m alt.
India.

Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston, J. Bot. 70: 282 (1932), Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. 11: 222 (1945). ——— Lycopodium delicatulum Desv. in Lam., Ency. Suppl. 3: 554 (1814).
Wallich.
India, S China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Taiwan, and Malesia.
I have seen no specimen from Nepal. Alston (1945) thought that Nepal might be a mislabel.

Selaginella pennata (D. Don) Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 257 (1850); Alston, l.c. 225 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 168. ——— Lycopodium pennatum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 18 (1825).
TI 725350B, 725352, 771735, Suehiro 2040, Zimmermann 2100.
On moist mountain slopes usually near streams in semi-shade or in dense forests at 1000-2400 m alt.
N India, Burma, and Thailand.

Selaginella bisulcata Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 259 (1850); Alston, l.c. 225 (1945); Tagawa (1971) 200; K. Iwats. (1975) 167.
TI 63-Dec.-4, 725131, 8330208, 8330288, 8581505, Zimmermann 1132, Tabata et al. 19149.
On mountain slopes in shade at middle elevation.
N India, Yunnan, Burma, and N Tailand.

Selaginella chrysocaulos (Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 232 (1843); Alston, l.c. 225 (1945); Tagawa (1971) 200; K. Iwats. (1975) 167. ——— Lycopodium chrysocaulos Hook. et Grev. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 2: 40 (1831).
TI 63-0ct.-22, 24, 63-Nov.-19, 725057, 725350C, 725357, 725392, 725494, 8331658, 8332104, 8351514, 8580716, 8580836, 8581487, Zimmermann 1082A, 1295, 1735, 1991, Polunin et al. 3365, Namba et al. 626, 1023, Tabata et al. 18475, 19164, 20718, 24936.
On clayey slopes or on mossy rocks in or on edge of forests at 1400-2700 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, S and SW China, and Tonkin.

Selaginella chrysorrhizos Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 244 (1850); Alston, l.c. 226 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 168.
TI 63-Nov.-19.
On clayey soils on edge of forests at 1600-1700 m alt.
N India, Burma, N Thailand, and Indochina.

Selaginella kurzii Baker, J. Bot. 23: 249 (1885); Alston, l.c. 226 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 168.
TI 63-0ct.-30, 31, 771599, Suehiro 46, 94, 190, 322, Tabata et al. 24796.
On moist clayey slopes on edge of forests at lower elevation up to 1600 m alt.
N India, Burma, Thailand, and Malaya.

Selaginella tenuifolia Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Belg. 24: 253 (1850); Alston, l.c. 226 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 169.
TI 63-Nov.-16, 20.
On clayey soils in mountain forests at 1700-2200 m alt.
N India, Burma, Thailand, and Laos.

Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 231 (1843); Alston, l.c. 227 (1945); K. Iwats. (1975) 167. ——— Lycopodium ciliare Retz., Obs. 5:32(1789).
TI 63-0ct.-16, 31, 63-Nov.-25, 63-Dec.-12, 14, 725456, 725511.
On sandy or clayey slopes in or on edge of forests at lower elevation.
Ceylon, India, S China, Burma, throughout Malesia to Australia.

Selaginella monospora Spring, Mém. Acad. Sci. Bel. 24: 135 (1850); Alston, l.c. 228 (1945); Tagawa (1971) 200; K. Iwats. (1975) 168.
TI 63-Nov.-l0, 20, 22, 63-Dec.-4, 725350A, 725457, 771687, 771736, 771954, Suehiro 273, 277, 2298.
On mossy rocks or on open slopes on edge of forests or on exposed ridges at lower to middle elevation.
N India, Bhutan, SW China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, and Hainan.

Selaginella subdiaphana (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 10: 232 (1843); Alston, l.c. 230 (1945). ——— Lycopodium subdiaphanum Wall. ex Hook. et Grev. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 2: 401 (1831).
Zimmermann 1005, Polunin et al. 1331.
On damp sheltered earth banks at 1100-1400 m alt.
N India.

Isoetes L.

Isoetes colamandrina L. f., Suppl. Pl. 447 (1781).
This is known from N India and is highly probable in Nepal, although we have as yet no actual record from. there.

Equisetum L.

Equisetum arvense L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1016 (1753); Hauke, Nova Hedwigia 30: 435 (1978).
Polunin et al. 2636, Nishioka 581, Tabata et al. 12790, 15238, 15259, 18205.
Abandoned open fields at 2000-3800 m alt.
Widely distributed in N Hemisphere.

Equisetum diffusum D. Don, Prodr, Fl. Nepal. 19 (1825); Clarke (1880) 594; Tagawa (1971) 197; K. Iwats. (1975) 166; Hauke, Nova Hedwigia 30: 428 (1978).
TI 63-0ct.-23, 63-Nov.-2, 5, 6, 24, 6305444~45, 625076, 725354, 725507, 772067, 774091, 774313, 774842, 8310211, 8330215, 8350520, Suehiro 683, 687, 812, 852, 856, Polunin et al. 5641, Nishioka 959.
On sandy road-side in open or semi-shaded places often in cultivated areas at 1000-2800 m alt.

N India, and W and SW China.

Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher, Mém. Soc. Phy. Hist. Nat. Genéve 1: 387 (1822); Clarke (1880) 594; Tagawa (1971) 197; K. Iwats. (1975) 166.
TI 63-Sept.-18, 63-Oct.-13, 17, 63-Nov.-13, 26, 725021, 725031, 772053, 772803, 8310535, 8330623, 8350524, Malla & Kanai 673478, Namba et al. 231, 1209, 1002009, Polunin et al. 5044, Tabata et al. 13417, 24477.
Along road in thickets or in semi-shaded places usually on wet ground in lowlands and up to more than 2000 m alt.
Ceylon, India, Bhutan, S China, Thailand, Indochina, Taiwan, Malesia throughout, and Polynesia.

Ophioglossum L.

Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook., Exot. Fl. 1: t. 56 (1823); Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 134 (1938); Nishida (1966) 453; H. Ito (1971) 201; K. Iwats, (1975) 170.
Ophioglossum reticulatum L. sens. Clarke (1880) 586; Bedd. (1883) 465, f. 290; Banerji, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 556 (1961).
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. sens. Clarke (1880) 586 ; Bedd. (1883) 464; Hope, 15: 107 (1903); Banerji, l.c. 58: 555 (1961).
Ophioglossum nudicaule L. sens. Bedd. (1883) 464, f. 288; Ching & S.-K, Wu in C.-Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 35 (1983).
TI 6305443, 69-May-29, 725421, 770179, 771996, Tabata et al. 14750,15311, 20363.
Terrestrial in open grassy ground in or on edge of forests at middle elevation.
Tropical to temperate regions throughout the world.

Helminthostachys Kaulf.

Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook., Gen. Fil. t. 47b (1840); Clarke (1880) 587; Bedd. (1883) 467, f. 292; Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 108, f. 20 (1938); Nishida (1966) 453.——— Osmunda zeylanica L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1063 (1753).
TI 6305440~42, Nicolson 2827.
On humus-rich slopes in light shade at lower elevation.
Tropics of Asia and Oceania.

Botrychium Sw.

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw., Schrad. J. Bot. 1800 (2): 110 (1801); Clarke (1880) 587; Bedd. (1883) 469, f. 293; Hope, 15: 108 (1903); Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 62 (1938); Tagawa (1955) 78; K. Iwats. (1975) 169. ——— Osmunda lunaria L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1064 (1753).
TI 725221, 725281, 770920, 770967, 775224, 8331795, 8331843, Tabata et al.12502, 12778, 15134.
On exposed mountain slopes or in light shade in higher elevation, 2900-3600 m alt.
Temperate regions in N Hemisphere, and in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Patagonia.

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr., Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Rech. 11: 40 (1859); Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 30 (1938); K. Iwats. (1975) 169. ——— Osmunda multifida Gmel., Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Peter. 12: 517, t. 11 (1768). ——— Scep-tridium multifidum (Gmel.) Nishida ex Tagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 33: 200 (1958); Nishida (1966) 454; H. Ito (1971) 201.
Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. sens. Bedd. (1892) 110; Hope, 15: 108 (1903); Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 42 (1938) p.p.; Banerji, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 556(1961).
TI 6305432~39, 63-Oct.-25, 725923, 725941, 771275, 772996, T. Ogawa 2465, Tabata et al. 14044.
On humus-rich floor of deciduous forests at 2000-3100 m alt.
Widely known in the temperate regions of N Hemisphere.

Botrychium daucifolium Wall. ex Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil. 2: t. 161 (1829); Clarke (1880) 587; Bedd. (1883) 469, f. 294; Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 60 (1938). ——— Sceptridium daucifolium (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457 (1905); Nishida (1966) 454; H. Ito (1971) 201.
Sceptridium. daucifolium var. parvum (v. A. v. R.) Nishida, J. Jap. Bot. 41: 319 (1966), (1966)454.
TI 6305417, Kanai 16685.
On mountain slopes in dense forests at 1600-2400 m alt.
Ceylon, India, Bhutan, S China, S Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, Malesia, and Fiji.

Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil. 1: t. 79 (1829); Hope, 15: 110 (1903); Clausen, Mem. Torrey Bot. Cl. 19 (2): 96 (1938); Banerji, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 58: 556 (1961); K. Iwats. (1975) 169. ——— Botrychium virginia-mim (L.) Sw. var. lanuginosum (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Bedd., Suppl. Ferns Br. Ind. 28 (1876), (1883) 471, f. 295. ——— Osmundopteris lanuginosum (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Nishida, J. Jap. Bot. 27:276 (1952); Tagawa (1955) 78. ——— Japonobotrychium lanuginosum (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Nishida ex Tagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 33: 199 (1958); Nishida (1966) 453; H. Ito (1971) 201.
Japonobotrychium lanuginosum var. nepalense Nishida, J. Jap. Bot. 41: 319 (1966), (1966) 453.
Botrychium virginianum Sw. sens. Clarke (1880) 588.
TI 6305418~31, 6305452, 63-Sept.-24, 63-Oct.-26, 69-June-14, 725083, 725327, 725553, 725893, 770513, 771274, 771460, 771886, 772112, 773589, 774852, 774917, 775512, 8310026, 8330163, 8330408, 881358, 88331636, 8332048, 8332101, 8332145, 8350140, 8580002, Kanai 673428, Malla & Kanai 674603, Namba et al. 591, Suehiro 757, 778, Tabata et al. 13945, 18496, 19221.

On mountain slopes or on tree-trunks in forests at 1000-2500 m, rarely more than 3000 m, and as high as 4100 m (var. nepalense).
Ceylon, India, S China, N Thailand, Tonkin, Taiwan, and W Malesia.

Angiopteris Hoffm.

Angiopteris spp.
Angiopteris crassipes Wall. ex Presi, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 23 (1845); Nishida (1966) 454.
Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm., Comm. Soc. Reg. Gott. 12: 29, t. 5 (1796); Clarke (1880) 585; Bedd. (1883) 460, f. 285; Nishida (1966) 554. ——— Polypodium evectum Forst., Prodr. 81 (1786).
Angiopteris salicifolia (Presl) de Vries, Monogr. 34 (1853); Nishida (1966) 454; H. Ito (1971) 201. ——— Psilodochea salicifolia Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 28 (1845).
TI 6305415~16, 63-Dec.-10.
In dense forests at low altitudes.
It is difficult at the moment to refer the materials to any of the described species, as this genus is badly in need of a revision; more than one species are represented in Nepal.

Osmunda L.

Osmunda claytoniana L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1066 (1753); Clarke (1880) 582; Bedd. (1883) 449, f. 275; Hope, 15: 103 (1903); K. Iwats. (1975) 170.
Osmunda claytoniana L. var. vestita (Wall.) Milde, Monogr. Gen. Osmund. 102 (1868); H. Ito (1966) 455, (1971) 201. ——— Osmundastrum claytonianum (L.) Tagawa var. vestitum (Wall.) Tagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 698 (1941), (1955) 78. TI 6304976~77, 625137, 725156, 725183, 8310330, 8350261, 8581028, Nakao 1279, Polunin et al. 940,4174, Tabata et al. 12801, 13164,15621, 18179, 21413, 23375, 23412, 23466.
Terrestrial on wet ground in open to semi-shaded places at 1800-3600 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Siberia, and N America.

Osmunda japonica Thunb., Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 2: 209 (1780); H. Ito (1966) 455, (1971) 202.
Osmunda regalis L. sens. Clarke (1880) 583; Bedd. (1883) 456, f. 276; Hope, 15: 104 (1903).
Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray; Banerji, Candollea 27: 268 (1972).
TI 6304978, 774879, Polunin et al. 2018.
Terrestrial in semi-open places or in forests at 1200-2000 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Sakhalin.

Plagiogyria (Kunze) Mett.
Ching, R.-C. 1958. The fern genus Plagiogyria on the mainland of Asia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 105-154, pl. 28-40.

Plagiogyria communis Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 122, 147, pl. 35, f. 2 (1958); K. Iwats. (1975) 180.
Plagiogyria pycnophylla (Kunze) Mett. sens. Bedd. (1883) 129; Nayar et Kazmi, Bull. Bot. Gard. Lucknow 64: 28 (1962); H. Ito (1966) 470, (1971) 208. ——— Lomaria pycnophylla Kunze, Bot. Zeit. 1848: 143 (1848); Clarke (1880) 472.
TI 6305209~16, 725309, 725659, 725744.
Terrestrial on humus-rich floor of dense forests at 2000-3000 m alt.
N India, Bhutan, and SW China (Sichuan and Yunnan).

Plagiogyria euphlebia (Kunze) Mett., Farng. Plagiogyria 10 (1858); Bedd. (1883) 129; Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 140 (1958). ——— Lomaria cuphlebia Kunze, Bot. Zeit. 1848: 521 (1848); Clarke (1880) 473.
Wallich.
Terrestrial on mountain slopes in forests at 1200-2000 m alt.
N India, China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.

Dicranopteris Bernh.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw., Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 34: 250 (1907); Tagawa (1955) 78; H. Ito (1966) 456, (1971) 202; K. Iwats. (1975) 170. ——— Poly podium lineare Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 235, t. 67, f. 2 (1768); D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1 (1825). ——— Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) Clarke (1880) 428; Bedd. (1883) 4, f. 1.
Gleichenia lanigera D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 17 (1825).
Gleichenia dichotoma Willd.; Hope, 13: 25 (1900).

var. linearis.
TI 25211, Polunin et al. 5667, Suehiro 157, 239, 2021, 2136, 2188, Namba et al. 137, Tabata et al. 18049, 30101.
In clearings usually on edges of forests in open or half-shaded places at low to middle elevation.
Tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World.

var. montana Holtt., Reinwardtia 4: 276 (1957).
Dicranopteris warbiirgii (Christ) Nakai, Bull. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 29: 70 (1950); H. Ito (1966) 456, (1971) 202.
TI 6304990~91, 6305448, 725391, 725574, Biswas 9714, Tabata et al. 19139.
In clearings and on edges of forests at lower elevation up to 2200 m alt.
Ceylon, S India, Bhutan, and Malesia.

Gleichenia Smith

Gleichenia gigantea Wall. ex Hook. et Bauer, Gen. Fil. t. 39 (1840); Hook., Sp. Fil. 1: 5, t. 3A (1844); Bedd., Ferns Br. Ind. t. 30 (1865); K. Iwats. (1975) 170.
Diplopterygium volubile (Jungh.) Nakai sens. H. Ito (1966) 456, (1971) 202.
Gleichenia glauca (Thunb.) Hook. sens. Clarke (1880) 428; Bedd. (1883) 2.
TI 6305007~12, 6310032, 725077, 725355,725551,725568,725713,771734,8350210, 8580841, Nishioka 1163, 1172.
Forming thickets on mountain slopes often along streams in or at edges of forests.
N India and Bhutan.